Fullerenes as antiviral agents, drug and gene delivery, and photodynamic therapy

Here, we will discuss the use of fullerenes as antiviral agents in drug and gene delivery and photodynamic therapy.

As antiviral agents

Fullerenes came under everyone's radar, having quite a lot of ability to be used as antiviral. Know that the capacity to combat and inhibit the property of reproduction in HIV, a recurrent and infectious virus, and thus assist in delaying the outbreak of AIDS, maybe one of the most significant fullerenes' applications.

Prevention of HIV 1 replication happens as the trans-isomer of Dendro Fullerene 1, and Derivative 2 deactivates the HIV protease. C60 fullerene-1-Ala is a bivalent metal version of fullerene amino acid derivatives. It positively reacts with and prevents the reproduction of HIV and human cytomegalovirus. These molecules function by being incorporated into HIV's binding protease areas. It means the uncreative protein areas in the water.

In HIV, the molecules often aim the reverse transcriptase and are far more reactive than the nonnucleoside analog inhibitors initially used. By utilizing fullerene compounds, hepatitis C may be addressed. Cationic fullerene derivatives are antibacterial and antiproliferative, and they also have wide applications

Drug and gene delivery

The fact is that they reflect many valuable properties. As an example, you can say that they are relatively compact and can be quickly diffused, they have relatively high biocompatibility, they do not sacrifice their original reactivity, and they have better selectivity. Significantly some scientists usually favor fullerenes.

Fullerene amino acid derivatives are bound to the DNA sequences first, and then the lines sever their bonds with the carriers, losing their amino groups. Biochemical experiments have shown that these derivatives have shown more protective properties than the conventional vectors previously used.

Fullerenes are very efficient in hydrophobic medication transportation. Also, these carriers help to release hydrophobic medications into the bloodstream quite slowly. One of them is the conjugate of fullerene c60-paclitaxel, which has the properties that render it anticancerous and can safely spread across intact tissue. In contrast, a peptide dependent on fullerene has properties that can pierce and destroy the skin.

Photodynamic therapy as photosensitizers

Photodynamic therapy is a form of treatment that utilizes a specific non-toxic substance susceptible to light, which becomes toxic if it comes into contact with light and is used to destroy aggressive cells. In the method above, fullerenes are used as compounds. When exposed to light, fullerenes have the potential to absorb bursts of energy; these compounds lose energy when returned to the ground state and has the power to revolutionize oxygen molecules into singlet oxygen that may turn out to be cytotoxic.

As an outstanding accepter of electrons, in the presence of electron donors, the fullerenes may be converted into radicals. These radicals can generate both hydroxyl radicals and anionic superoxide by passing the extra electrons to oxygen molecules. These radicals are responsible for DNA damage and may also cause cell death. Such basic fullerenes are mixed with DNA and proteins in some instances. It is also possible that they will be used to establish another anticancer treatment strategy.

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