The Pharaohs
The pharaohs or the ancient Egyptian made a civilization. The history began when the human discovered the writing. We knew the ancient Egyptian news from their monuments. The historians divided the history of humanity into prehistoric ages and historic ages. The old Egyptian man lived a primitive life unstable above the hills. Over time, he came down to the Nile Valley and his life changed. The sections of the prehistoric ages are:-
1- The old stone age.
2- The Neolithic age.
3- The Metal age.
The old stone age, In this age, The tools that the human used it from the stone. And he used the stone as it is, or he tried to Sculpture it simply.
The Neolithic age, In this age, The tools that the human used it from the stone but, he learnt carving the stones carefully, and he made it like he wanted.
The metal age, There are two ages in this age:-
1- The bronze age.
2- The iron age.
The bronze age, In this age, the human made his tools from the bronze metal, that is consists of mixing the copper with the tin then, the tools were more hardness.
The iron age, In this age, the human made his tools from the iron metal, and that helped him in using the iron tools in many works.
The pharaohs knew the Hieroglyphs between 3300 BC. and 3200 BC. and they used it in recording their Aspects of their life. The Hieroglyphs started with expression about a thing with drawing it in a picture shape for humans and animals and birds and joys and the different events. The Hieroglyphs is a Greek word that means ( sacred line ) and it is named this name because it used for Intaglio on the walls of temples and the Cemeteries for recording the religious texts.
It is written from up to down and from right to left and vice versa.
The writing evolved from the picture stage to a stage that is called in Egypt in ancient times with the Hieroglyphs.
The Importance of the Hieroglyphs that the pharaohs used it for telling their ideas with using pictures, and they recorded to us their news, and what they reached to a progress in different areas ( medicine, engineering, astronomy, chemistry and Literature )
The Hieroglyphs evolved into:-
1. Hieratic writing
2. Demotic writing
3. Coptic writing
The Hieratic writing was known as Clerics line because the Priests used it in writing on the papyrus.
The Demotic writing was known as People Line because the Egyptians used it in All aspects of public life.
The Coptic writing is the last stage from the writing stages in the Old Egyptian Language and it is taken from the Demotic writing.
Rosetta stone that is in the British Museum, and it contains 14 lines with Hieroglyph writing, 32 lines with Demotic writing and 45 lines with old Greek writing. And this stone from the black basalt rock and it is very solid, and it is found in July 1799 which found by an officer in the French artillery A few miles away from Rashid, that is near from Alexandria and it is able to decode its symbols by the famous French scientist (Champollion), and then knowing the history of ancient Egypt.
The Papyrus is a type of plant that was spreading on the banks of the Nile River in ancient times, and from it the ancient Egyptians made the paper, the baskets, the mats, the boats … etc, and the ancient Egyptian succeeded in exploitation this plant very intelligently.
Exploring The Fire where the ancient Egyptian explored the fire in old stone age, using rubbing stores together and using it in cooking food, exclusion the predatory animals and hunting the animals.
The Human in the old ages was living above the hills and he doesn’t settle in a one place.
He was a permanent move and travel searching for food and hunting animals to benefit from it.
He was hosting to the caves to sleep in it, he was sheltering from the cold night and from the sun and from the predatory animals.
Life stability where The human was on this case until say rainfall, and prevailed drought, and disappeared plants and the hills changed into barren desert where no planting in it and no water.
The human and the animal have to immigrate from hills to the Nile Valley searching for the water and the food.
Consequences of the descent the Old Egyptian Human to the Valley:-
The Old Egyptian Human knew the agriculture and domestication the animal.
His life changed from the move and travel to the stability to care for crops and plants that he was farming and preserving it, because it needs care regularly during growth and after maturity of it to harvest its fruit.
The Old Egyptian Human built the houses to stay in it.
The emergence of villages and cities where with the passage of time there were many buildings and the human populations appeared (tribes – villages) and it started with it belonging to the family, to the tribe, to the village, to the city and loyalty to the land that they were living on it.
Consequences of knowing the human to the agriculture:-
1- Stability
2- Building houses
3- Cooperation
4- Disclaimer
5- Affiliation
6- Loyalty
And therefore an evolution happened in The Old Egyptian Human’s life for knowing agriculture then, he made some tools that he used it, he made his clothes from the flax and animal skins, and he made pots from the pottery and he used it in cooking food and preservation it and he made some statues from the mud and the clay.
Resurrection and immortality where The Old Egyptian Human thought that he will sends after death to live the life of the immortality.
So, they looked after mummification of dead body and they put the food, the drink, the clothes and some tools that they were using it in his life with it and to use the dead in the life after resurrection.
Unity between the old provinces of Egypt where The Egyptian People is the first people who achieved the unity and it confirmed that the unity and the union are the ways to build a great civilization.
1- The First Stage:-
1. The emergence of villages
2. Making the cities
3. Formation of provinces
4. The first unity ( 4242 BC. )
2- The Second Stage:-
Unification of the King Mena (Narmer) for the two kingdoms
( 3200 BC. )
The First Stage after the stability of the Old Egyptian Human in the Nile Valley, He unversed families and tries, The Valleys and cities formed, The Egyptians ordered their life according to their habits, systems and regulations and they cared about observing it, respecting it and applying it.
Every Village and every city took an idol to it and some idols from forces of nature like:- ( the sun or the Nile or one of the birds ).
The Villages and the cities united and formed provinces and it was for every province its governor, its army, its idol and a slogan to it.
Then, the provinces untied and formed two kingdoms, a kingdom in the north and a kingdom in the south. There was for every kingdom a governor, a capital city, a slogan and a its own crown.
|
Comparison |
North Kingdom |
South Kingdom |
|
The Capital City |
Bhutto |
Nakhb |
|
The Slogan |
Papyrus |
Lotus Flower |
|
The Crown’s color |
Red |
White |
The First Unit ( 4242 BC. )
After many efforts for the unity, The governor of the Northern kingdom succeeded in unification of the country under one central government control.
This country took the city ( Heliopolis ) its capital city.
But as soon as the country divided another time into two kingdoms, a kingdom in the south and a kingdom in the north.
The Second Stage when a person went away from Thebes ( Luxor city currently ) who is called The King Mena ( Narmer ) and he succeeded in 3200 BC. in the unification of the two kingdoms ( The South Kingdom and The North Kingdom ).
The king ( Mena ) became the first founder of dynasty in History of Ancient Egypt.
The king ( Mena ) recorded the great victory on panel called ( Narmer’s Panel ).
And after there was a red crown for the North kingdom and a white crown for the south kingdom, the crown became double, it consists of the two crowns of the north and the south and the king ( Mena ) took a new capital city for the country and it is called ( Memphis )
The most important achievements of The King Mena :-
1- He built up the ( Min Naphar ) The Arabs after this called it ( Memphis ) to be the capital city of the country and he built around it a white wall.
2- Forming a strong army to protect the unity of the country.
South Kingdom
Egypt in The King Mena’s age :- Unification between
North Kingdom
Egypt Now consists of 29 governorates :-
|
1- Cairo 2- Giza 3- 6th October 4- Helwan 5- Kalyoubia 6- Menoufia 7- Gharbia |
8- Kafr Alsheikh 9- Daqahilia 10- Port Said 11- Suez 12- Sharqia 13- Dumiat 14- Alexandria |
15-Behira 16- Matruh 17- Fayoum 18- Bani Suif 19- Ismailia 20- South Sinai 21- North Sinai |
22- Menia 23- Sohag 24- Qina 25- Luxor 26- Aswan 27- Asiut 28- New Valley 29- Red Sea |